­Background When a solar cell is operated in reverse bias in dark conditions, a very small drift current, called leakage current, flows due to minority carriers. Breakdown voltage for solar cell refers to the minimum applied reverse dark voltage that results in an exponential increase in leakage current. When solar cells are connected in series...

Background Small-scale fisheries cumulatively account for about half of the production of the fishing industry. These coastal fisheries commonly use gillnets, which are low cost, high yield, and easy to maintain. Unfortunately, gillnets result in considerable non-target species (bycatch) mortality which can negatively impact local ecology and fishing...

Effectively passivating a silicon cell leads to higher open circuit voltages and high efficiencies necessary for various electronic applications. Surface passivation is relevant for thinner wafers where recombination at the surface dominates total recombination. Thinner wafers are necessary as the voltage increases as a function of the excess carrier...