Background Blue energy, which is the Gibbs energy that results from mixing seawater and river water, is a promising source of clean energy. Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are currently the most successful methods for extracting such energy. However, their performance is limited by challenging issues associated with...

­Potential Applications • Self-powered sensors • Biomedical implants • Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices • Remote monitoring • Portable electronics Benefits and Advantages • Exponential increase in harvested energy – Positive feedback by continuous capacitor switching delivers exponentially more...