Pain is estimated to affect about 30% of the world’s population and treatment is challenging because of issues with addiction and withdrawal which accompany many current analgesics. Human TRPV1 is a widely expressed nociceptor and is a desirable target to modulate diverse human pathophysiologies, including pain, obesity, and diabetes, among others....

TRPV1 is a membrane protein ion channel that is activated at elevated temperatures. TRPV1 is modulated by various physical and chemical stimuli such as mild voltage, endogenous lipids, small proteins and pH in addition to high temperature and capsaicin. Due to its sensitivity to some noxious stimuli, TRPV1 is an excellent therapeutic target especially...

TRPM8 is a membrane protein ion channel that primarily functions as the main cold temperature sensor in higher organisms and is involved in a number of types of cancer. More recent research has shown that it is an excellent target for neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Currently, neither the domain nor the mechanism of temperature modulation has been...