Background The accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has been documented to be the primary driver of global warming. The global average CO2 levels in the atmosphere continue to rise, with a predicted 1.5°C increase in global temperatures within the next two decades. The capture and storage of CO2 is an essential part of mitigating...

­Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, is a manufacturing technique that builds layer-by-layer materials. 3D printing has advantages over traditional manufacturing with respect to rapid prototyping, complicated design, and material sustainability. Commonly used 3D printing mechanisms include vat-polymerization, material jetting,...

Civil and geotechnical engineers must fortify sandy soil in order to build durable structures on loose terrain. Effective soil cementation can be achieved by microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), a process using microbes to generate urease enzymes that catalyze calcium carbonate precipitation. However, MICP is limited by the large size of...