Modern AI for strategic games including chess has evolved from early rule-based systems such as brute force engines that relied on handcrafted heuristics and exhaustive search, to sophisticated learning-based methods that can create and refine their own strategies. Reinforcement learning (RL) programs including Alpha Zero mastered chess starting with...

Background Generative pre-trained transformers (GPT) have grown in recent years in a number of natural language processing applications, largely due to the powerful openly available software and easy-to-use natural language interfaces. Transformers can provide a flexible and powerful model that generalizes the earlier forms of neural networks by using...