Background Ultrathin photonic nanostructures, such as plasmonic and dielectric metamaterials and metasurfaces, have broad applications in electromagnetic wave manipulation, high resolution imaging, and computation. However, conventional production of these metastructures relies on precise nano-machining techniques that are difficult to manufacture...

Background Polarization techniques are widely used to inspect sample material scattering, optical birefringence, and other material properties. One of polarization microscopy’s major limitations is that it evaluates sample polarization properties qualitatively due to the lack of complete polarization information. Mueller matrix microscopy (MM)...