Background RF pulse-width modulation (RFPWM) is the most common method for generating modulated amplitude outputs for switch-mode amplifiers. This is required because switch-mode power amplifiers are digital circuits with only two output states, thus making them incapable of generating intermediate amplitudes. RFPWM is accomplished by varying the duty...

Background The growing market for wearable, portable, and implantable devices has understandably led to increasing demand for low-power, compact electronics. High-speed data transmission requires phase-locked loops (PLLs) capable of carrier frequency generation with extremely low noise. The challenge of balancing oscillator noise performance with area...