­Background Advances in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and embedded computing are revolutionizing human-computer communication and cooperative learning. Cooperative learning applications include computer-aided training of military personnel and heavy equipment operators, performance coaching, and tutoring American Sign Language (ASL)...

Background Readily accessible healthcare is an essential component of social functioning for the deaf and hard-of-hearing population in the United States. Frequently, health care is not easily accessible by this population. The consequences of this are most serious in emergency medical scenarios where information must be conveyed quickly and accurately...