Invention Description The demand for advanced thin-film deposition techniques has grown substantially in recent years, driven by the development of next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and energy devices. Traditional deposition methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and physical vapor deposition, have well-established...

­Carbon fibers can be made from carbonized precursors, e.g., cellulose, lignin, pitch, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or Kevlar. Compared to pitch, PAN has advantages of controlled molecular weights from chemical synthesis, easy processability, reduced viscosity, and controlled crystallinity and molecular alignment that can benefit the efficiency of...