Background Continuously manufacturing technology that is more compact, lighter, and sturdier than the last is a driving force in many different fields. Among the materials used for this, graphene stands out for its durability on its own and stability when combined with metals. Graphene has been integrated with conventional bulk-scale materials, e.g.,...

Background Copper, because of its superior conductivity, has been used as the most common interconnect in electronic devices and winding in electrical machines. Typically, its maximum service temperature is below 200 °C due to thermal oxidation of Cu that impairs its electrical properties. Although Cu wires coated by oxidation resistant metals...

Background Effective metal forming in the manufacture of commercial products requires that material properties after forming must be maintained or improved, and the metal forming steps must be cost-effective. Achieving both of these conditions is challenging because there is a trade-off between material performance and processing cost. Many current...