Detection and quantification of low-abundance biomarkers is essential to early disease detection, monitoring and treatment. While many techniques, have been developed for measuring single molecules, all require signal amplification, via enzyme amplification, or fluorescence or gold nanoparticle probes, which come with their own unique drawbacks, including...

Molecular interactions play an important role in cellular functions and biotechnology including cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, early disease diagnoses, and drug screening. Label-free techniques serve as important tools for studying these processes due to their ability to provide real-time information on binding kinetics without affecting the structure...