Real-time monitoring and control of distribution networks was traditionally deemed unnecessary because it had radial configuration, unidirectional power flows, and predictable load patterns. However, the fast growth of behind-the-meter generation, particularly solar photovoltaic, electric vehicles, and storage, is transitioning the distribution system...

­Background Electric power utilities have started using phasor measurement units (PMUs) to obtain time-synchronized measurements of the voltage and current magnitudes and phase angles, frequency, and rate-of-change frequency (RoCoF) throughout their systems. However, there are still several key measurements that PMUs are unable to provide. In particular,...