Invention Description Electric vehicles are becoming more common, especially with the push for greater utilization of renewable energy. However, it is widely known that electric vehicles suffer from safety issues associated with mistreatment, collisions, and charging issues. Further, batteries in electric vehicles often have performance degradation...

Invention Description Technological breakthroughs in electric batteries have resulted in higher energy density batteries which have risks of overheating during high-rate charging and discharging. This leads to performance degradation, limiting battery lifespan and capacity and hindering widespread battery adoption. Battery management systems (BMSs)...

Background Hydrogen has been considered one of the most promising alternative fuel due to its high gravimetric energy density, low greenhouse gas emission, and ease of storage. Solar hydrogen production by water splitting in a photo-electrochemical cell (PEC) enables direct conversion of solar to fuel energy. To realize economical solar hydrogen production,...

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) provide electricity by using hydrogen as fuel and expelling heat and water as exhaust. PEMFCs are the promising power sources for automotive, stationary and mobile electronics because of their higher power densities and environmental benefits and hence they have attracted enormous interest. Unfortunately,...