Invention Description The demand for advanced thin-film deposition techniques has grown substantially in recent years, driven by the development of next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and energy devices. Traditional deposition methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and physical vapor deposition, have well-established...

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) provide electricity by using hydrogen as fuel and expelling heat and water as exhaust. PEMFCs are the promising power sources for automotive, stationary and mobile electronics because of their higher power densities and environmental benefits and hence they have attracted enormous interest. Unfortunately,...