Photovoltaic (PV) cells are typically formed from semiconductor absorber layers. These absorber layers exhibit absorption of light with photon energy above their bandgap energy to generate electron-hole pairs. The absorber layers can also exhibit non-radiative recombination in the bulk of the absorber material. However, the absorber semiconductor...

Recent studies conclude that a strong correlation exists between the numbers of glomerular in the kidney and renal diseases. These findings generate great interest in accurately counting glomeruli. Traditionally, the glomerulus is counted using histological sections, which have several limitations. First, histology based counting relies on techniques...