Background Tubular structures play a critical role in sectors like manufacturing, oil and gas, and power generation, where they are essential to machinery like heat exchangers and boilers. However, the severe environments that these constructions frequently encounter cause corrosion, cracks, and other types of deterioration. Frequent inspection is...

­Tubular structures are commonly used in boilers and heat exchangers. Working under extreme conditions such as high temperatures, large stress loads, hot and high-velocity steam and pressure leads to corrosion, cracks, and stress-corrosion cracks in either the body or welded connections of these components. Regular inspection of these components...