Background Bismuth-containing III-V semiconductor alloys have received considerable attention as materials for optoelectronic devices operating in the mid- and long-wave infrared spectrum. The infrared spectrum finds important applications in both commerce and government, including medical imaging and diagnostics, autonomous vehicle sensors, telecommunications,...

The charged-coupled device (CCD) is commonly known for its applications in digital cameras and infrared photodetectors. Although this device has been revolutionary within imaging applications, there are some shortcomings that can be improved. For instance, a conventional CCD requires a very high external voltage. High power consumption means that portable...