Background In recent years, advancements in machine learning have revolutionized various domains, but concerns about bias and unfairness in automated decision-making systems have gained significant attention. One of the causes of unfairness in AI systems is the reliance on training data. Aleatoric uncertainty refers to the inherent randomness or variability...

Background Cyberbullying, defined as “aggressively intentional acts carried out by a group or an individual using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly or over time against victims who cannot easily defend themselves,” has been rising at an alarming rate. Previous research has found that nearly 43% of teens in the United States have been...

Background Social media has become an indispensable tool in the face of natural disasters due to its broad appeal and ability to quickly disseminate information. For instance, Twitter is an important source for disaster responders to search for (1) topics that have been identified as being of particular interest over time, i.e., common topics such as...