Background Electron accelerators are used in a number of applications, from medical imaging by x-ray production, to gamma-ray production for medical applications. Integrating high-power lasers and electron beams can potentially improve the performance of electron accelerators, make compact x-ray sources, and potentially create new kinds of light. However,...

The efficiency of biofuel production depends on the photosynthetic activity of microbes; to maximize their growth it is necessary to continually monitor the environmental conditions. Traditional monitoring methods (such as using electrodes to measure CO2 consumption and/or O2 generation) are typically time- and labor-intensive, have low throughput,...