The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable complex, and only about 2% of small molecules in the blood can penetrate it. Because of this, drug delivery to the brain is fairly ineffective. Research into receptors expressed on the BBB is promising, however, many receptors (glucose transporter 1, transferrin receptor, LDL-receptor...

Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health threat, in part due to the misuse and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Most antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) techniques are slow and culture-based, taking days to produce results, which delays treatment and can put patients at risk. Dipstick-type tests and manual microscopy are faster,...

The ability to monitor spatiotemporal dynamics of neurotransmitter release is crucial for understanding the basis of brain function. The precise cognitive operations supported by the changes in cortical neuromodulatory activity have not been fully recognized, largely due to the limitations of current methods which have trade-offs between spatial, temporal,...

Cellular force is important in activities including migration, proliferation and differentiation, which are mediated by interactions between the cell and the ECM. Monitoring these interactions helps to understand how and when mechanical cues play a role in cellular events and underlying mechanisms. However, there are limitations in spatial and temporal...

Radio Frequency (RF) coils transmit and receive RF signals in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Designing FR coils is a challenge because they often have to operate at multiple frequencies and it is difficult to enable them to resonate at multiple frequencies or switch their resonating frequencies. Positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes are commonly...

Retinal color fundus photography (CFP) is an imaging technique for capturing detailed images of the back of the eye, including the retina, optic nerve and blood vessels. CFP is non-invasive and offers a safe and painless means to diagnose and monitor a variety of eye conditions such as retinopathy, glaucoma and macular degeneration. High quality retinal...

The rise of artificial intelligence is changing the shape of many different fields, and ophthalmic medicine is no exception. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved remarkable results in the assisted diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases. However, they face challenges such as limited labeling and small dataset sizes. In recent years, self-supervised...

EEG (Electroencephalogram) is a widely used tool for monitoring and recording electrical brain activity; aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. While EEG technology has advanced significantly over the years, auxiliary equipment, such as EEG carts, have remained...

Background Electron accelerators are used in a number of applications, from medical imaging by x-ray production, to gamma-ray production for medical applications. Integrating high-power lasers and electron beams can potentially improve the performance of electron accelerators, make compact x-ray sources, and potentially create new kinds of light. However,...

The utilization of ultrasound imaging is common for material characterization and detection of flaws in small-scale biological tissues and soft materials because it provides quantitative and relevant information. However, this imaging modality relies on the probe coming into direct contact with the soft material in order to minimize excess attenuation...