Digital circuits use sequences of logic gates called flip-flops (FFs) to store and transmit binary information. Triple mode redundant (TMR) FFs have three logic gates that produce a single output based on their majority state in case one fails due to soft error. A soft error occurs when a switch within a digital circuit flips to its opposite state,...

The fundamental building blocks of all computer electronics, integrated circuits (ICs) are the least expensive way to create the digital circuits needed for processing binary information. A soft error is when a binary switch within a digital circuit flips to its opposite state and causes an electronic device to malfunction. Modular redundancy is a method...