The fundamental building blocks of all computer electronics, integrated circuits (ICs) are the least expensive way to create the digital circuits needed for processing binary information. A soft error is when a binary switch within a digital circuit flips to its opposite state and causes an electronic device to malfunction. Modular redundancy is a method...

There is a continuing need for high-level device security to transfer information on penetrable channels, track the device and data, and encrypt valuable data, whether for national security purposes, intellectual property, or company and individual privacy. Obtaining a unique signature for an integrated circuit can be an excellent tool to achieve...