It is possible to fabricate radiation-hardened circuits using commercially available, state-of-the-art CMOS manufacturing processes via novel applications of Radiation Hardening by Design (RHBD) techniques. RHBD techniques allow users to mitigate total ionizing dose (TID) effects caused by layout techniques while being able to handle single...

Protecting high performance integrated circuits (ICs) from ionizing radiation induced upset is a key issue in the design of microcircuits for applications such as spacecraft, high altitude aircraft, and around nuclear accidents or nuclear warfare. A radiation induced soft error occurs in a semiconductor device when a high-energy particle travels...

Digital circuits use sequences of logic gates called flip-flops (FFs) to store and transmit binary information. Triple mode redundant (TMR) FFs have three logic gates that produce a single output based on their majority state in case one fails due to soft error. A soft error occurs when a switch within a digital circuit flips to its opposite state,...

Flash memory and true random number generators (TRNGs) can be essential components of security systems for smart devices. Using physical variations in integrated circuit (IC) constituent components is an increasingly popular technique for generating true random numbers. An existing approach uses a technique called “partial programming” to...

Integrated circuits (ICs) are used to produce the digital circuits needed for processing binary information. There are two main errors that can occur in ICs. First, hard errors result in permanent failure to the module. Second, soft errors occur when a binary switch within a digital circuit flips to its reverse state causing the IC to receive an incorrect...

Technology scaling has increased the susceptibility of integrated circuits (ICs) to experience an incorrect signal (soft error). Triple modular redundancy (TMR) is a type of code that sends a message through a circuit three times in order to determine the most probabilistic value and hence, mitigate soft error. Circuits using TMR logic in aerospace...

The fundamental building blocks of all computer electronics, integrated circuits (ICs) are the least expensive way to create the digital circuits needed for processing binary information. A soft error is when a binary switch within a digital circuit flips to its opposite state and causes an electronic device to malfunction. Modular redundancy is a method...

Static random access memory (SRAM) is used extensively in modern integrated circuits, comprising over 90% of the transistor count in server microprocessors. Over the past couple decades, technology has aggressively scaled down integrated circuit components, quickly entering the nanoscale. At this scale of manufacturing, there is inevitably an increase...

There is a continuing need for high-level device security to transfer information on penetrable channels, track the device and data, and encrypt valuable data, whether for national security purposes, intellectual property, or company and individual privacy. Obtaining a unique signature for an integrated circuit can be an excellent tool to achieve...

The exponential growth of the Internet over the last few decades provides testament to the extreme success of the internet protocol (IP), the primary protocol responsible for delivering data packets between hosts across the heavily trafficked internet. Notwithstanding this success, IP address space is rapidly running out. Consequently, the more...