Invention Description The demand for advanced thin-film deposition techniques has grown substantially in recent years, driven by the development of next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and energy devices. Traditional deposition methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and physical vapor deposition, have well-established...

Cigarette smoking causes a variety of diseases with high morbidities and mortality; however, the addictive properties of nicotine make quitting difficult. Nicotine molecules enter the brain within seconds after use and activate reward pathways, leading to dependence. Despite extensive efforts toward cessation interventions, smoking remains a major public...