Molecular diagnostics is a rapidly growing area in personalized medicine. The most commonly used immunological technologies can effectively measure proteins at concentrations above 10-12M. Unfortunately, many protein markers are found at concentrations below 10-15M. Signal amplification techniques have been developed to increase sensitivity but they...

Atomic force microscopy is a surface imaging technique which has evolved into a unique molecular tool for a host of nanobiotechnology applications. The ability of AFM to sense proteins and other chemical entities is continually being improved by the advancement of new and superior functionalized tips. Often, biochemical research requires the simultaneous...