Activated sludge process is the biotic conversion of organic matter of wastewater to CO2 and biomass. The biological conversion of organic compounds in activated sludge relies on the efficient transfer of dissolved oxygen. Oxygen mass transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase and microbial oxygen consumption are critical for effectively removing...

­Bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microorganisms pose a significant pathogenic health-related risk to safe drinking water. Disinfection by chlorination is commonly practiced, however, chlorine is a toxic chemical that typically requires careful storage and proper handling. While ultraviolet (UV) disinfection can be effective, UV-based processes...

Efficient integration of wind energy in power grids is challenging due to the variability of wind energy. The uncertainty of wind impacts various system level considerations, such as the reliability and operational planning of power grids. Mischaracterizing these uncertainties can lead to significant loss of the wind generation. Accurate wind generation...

Water vapor condensation is an essential aspect of many technologies in energy generation, desalination, and air conditioning. An increased heat transfer rate during water vapor condensation could lead to considerable economic savings as well as environmental benefits. Hydrophobization improves heat transfer by switching the condensation mode from filmwise...

Ion exchange is widely used within industry and public infrastructure to remove metallic, organic, or inorganic particles from water. Ion exchange filters contain activated carbon or spongy polymer beads, called resin, which have been tailored to remove a specific group of contaminants with similar chemistry. Hybrid ion exchange resins are capable of...