Nanoscience is widely used today across a diverse product array. Applications such as food containers for improved product freshness, textile coatings for impact minimization, battery technologies for increased product life, cosmetics and genetic screening for drug compatibility are examples of commercial products that use nanotechnology. Nanotechnology...

The quality of IMPT treatment plans may be drastically diminished by uncertainties such as proton range and patient setup errors. If these uncertainties are not figured into treatment planning, the dose distribution that the patient receives may not be the same as the planned dose distribution. New treatment plans, which include optimized software/programming,...