Compartmentalization increases the overall activity and specificity of encapsulated enzymes by protecting the enzymes, maintaining a high concentration of enzymes and substrates, and promoting substrate channeling. While there have been artificial enzymatic particles that have been created using compartmentalization by virus-like proteins, liposomes,...

Smart phones are very popular and used by over seven billion people. Each day seven million dollars worth of cell phones is lost or stolen. Without an authentication device, personal data stored on the device can be used for identity theft or the phone can be used for unauthorized purposes. Most authentication systems authenticate a user only once when...