FFPE is a well-established and widely used method for preservation and histological analysis of tissue samples. DNA/RNA/and Proteins can be extracted from FFPE samples, but generally lack single cell resolution and completely lack 3D spatial resolution. Enabling 3D resolution allows the correlation of morphology to information like gene expression,...

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common juvenile autoimmune diseases and is characterized by progressive destruction of pancreatic ß-cells. By the time of T1D diagnosis, around 70-90% of pancreatic ß-cells are already dead. T1D patients face many potential health complications and co-morbidities which lead to both personal and societal...

Glucose and oxygen are important components of human metabolic processes -- many diseases are associated with glucose transport and metabolic disorders including diabetes and cancer. Monitoring glucose and cell metabolism can provide invaluable information for understanding these diseases. There are many assays and sensors for both glucose and oxygen,...

Compartmentalization increases the overall activity and specificity of encapsulated enzymes by protecting the enzymes, maintaining a high concentration of enzymes and substrates, and promoting substrate channeling. While there have been artificial enzymatic particles that have been created using compartmentalization by virus-like proteins, liposomes,...

Chronic stress has been widely implicated in a plethora of lethal and life-altering diseases including diabetes, heart attacks, depression, Alzheimer's and osteoporosis. Thus, there is great interest in monitoring stress levels in the population. Stress has both biochemical and physiological effects on the body that can be quantified in bodily fluids....

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major public health problem in many countries, with more than 1 million new cases, worldwide, in 2018, contributing to almost 800,000 deaths. And new research suggests that GC may be on the rise in the US, particularly among younger adults. Early detection of GC often allows for greater therapeutic options, however, because...

X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) are a valuable tool for determining the structure of biological macromolecules. Obtaining accurate results necessitates solvation of the sample in a specified chemical solution throughout the injection process. This solvation must not unduly compromise the vacuum environment or cleanliness of the XFEL scattering chamber....