The ability to predict, design, and control systems stems from our ability to reduce their dimensionality to a few key variables that accurately capture much of the behavior of the system. In theoretical physics, this has led to some of the most precise predictions ever made and the ability to control physical systems also with high precision. However,...

­Background In the era of artificial intelligence, various deep neural networks (DNNs), such as multi-layer perceptron, convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks, have emerged and achieved human-level performance in many recognition tasks. These DNNs usually require billions of multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations, soliciting...