Background Microelectronic circuits that obtain their energy from ambient energy sources (AES) through scavenging or harvesting are increasing in popularity, particularly with the burgeoning field of the Internet of Things (IoT). Some of the more common AES include solar, piezoelectric, vibration, airflow, and thermoelectric. The intermittent nature...

In digital systems, the difference in the arrival times at two registers is referred to as the clock skew between those registers. Clock skewing is a widely used optimization technique in conventional application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs and typically implemented by introducing buffers to ensure clocking of components happens in the...

Growing competition in the silicon industry has increased reverse engineering aimed at stealing hardware intellectual property. Due to the increase, hardware obfuscation, or concealing the functionality of a circuit design, has become vital. Digital circuits rely on a threshold logic gate function controlled by threshold voltages can be leveraged to...