Background Bipolar transistors are used extensively for analog circuits utilized in spaceborne applications. However, this region of space, including the higher reaches of Earth's atmosphere, is populated by many high-energy particles that can damage the bipolar transistors. In such environments, radiation induces a large increase in bipolar base...

Background Conventional Si-based metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are facing fundamental limitations as demands for increased power efficiency and integration density persist. The Boltzmann limit represents the minimum subthreshold change in gate voltage bias (VGS), 60 mV, required to effectuate a one-decade change in the...

Ionizing radiation sensing has many applications in a variety of industries. Low dose sensing is important for nuclear materials detection and security. Some space applications require measurement of the flux and direction of high energy radiation. Furthermore, it is essential to determine the exact location and amount of radiation directed...

Radiation dosimeters are devices used to measure exposure to ionizing radiation such as, X-rays, alpha and beta particles, and gamma rays. The damage that this radiation can cause to a material (e.g., human tissue) is typically cumulative, related to the total ionizing dose received. Therefore, workers who are exposed to ionizing radiation are...