Single-molecule techniques make it possible to digitally count even extremely rare biomarker molecules, providing greatly improved sensitivity for early disease detection. However, in standard setups, there is a necessary balance: if the concentration is too high, molecules overlap and become unreadable; if too low, there are not enough events for robust...

Traditional bulk diagnostic assays suffer from signal dilution and averaging, making it difficult to detect rare biomarkers and subtle molecular variations critical for early disease diagnosis. Microarrays address this limitation by enabling high-throughput, multiplexed analysis with improved specificity and sensitivity. Their structured array format...