Traditional bulk diagnostic assays suffer from signal dilution and averaging, making it difficult to detect rare biomarkers and subtle molecular variations critical for early disease diagnosis. Microarrays address this limitation by enabling high-throughput, multiplexed analysis with improved specificity and sensitivity. Their structured array format...

Computer memory devices may employ any of various mechanisms for storing data, e.g., using memory cells each of which may be programmed to be in any of two or more states. Non-volatile memory includes memory cells each of which operates by changing the resistance across an active switching layer, e.g., an insulator, through the formation of conductive...

Many products, such as medical devices, need a unified way of encoding uniquely-identifying information that can be easily accessed. This can provide traceability to specifications, lot numbers, recalls, etc. This applies to medical devices both in and out of the body as well as many consumer goods. Common codes, such as a UPCs, can only be read if...

Electrical structures which interact with light, such as solar cells and optical sensors, generally employ electrodes to collect a generated current (or to apply an external field) however, the electrode designs commonly used suffer from a number of disadvantages. For example, the wide spacing of electrodes in conventional solar cells, necessary to...