Compartmentalization increases the overall activity and specificity of encapsulated enzymes by protecting the enzymes, maintaining a high concentration of enzymes and substrates, and promoting substrate channeling. While there have been artificial enzymatic particles that have been created using compartmentalization by virus-like proteins, liposomes,...

The extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a major component of the MAPK signaling pathway, and its activation plays an important role in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Thus, dysfunction in the ERK pathway may contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, diabetes, inflammation, autoimmunity and so on....

A lack of a secure caller ID scheme in today's telephone network system leaves users susceptible to voice and voicemail spam used to gain access to sensitive personal information. Additionally, caller ID masking prevents law enforcement agents from tracing a call and tracking down a criminal. Current caller ID authentication systems are computationally-intensive...