Invention Description The demand for advanced thin-film deposition techniques has grown substantially in recent years, driven by the development of next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and energy devices. Traditional deposition methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and physical vapor deposition, have well-established...

Background In virtual reality, the utilization of technology that uses touch and vibrations to communicate with users, simulating tactile sensations like pressure, resistance, and texture (haptic feedback), is often quite unrealistic when users engage with virtual fluids. Vibrotactile actuators are small motors or vibrators that generate haptic feedback,...