Background In virtual reality, the utilization of technology that uses touch and vibrations to communicate with users, simulating tactile sensations like pressure, resistance, and texture (haptic feedback), is often quite unrealistic when users engage with virtual fluids. Vibrotactile actuators are small motors or vibrators that generate haptic feedback,...

The quality of IMPT treatment plans may be drastically diminished by uncertainties such as proton range and patient setup errors. If these uncertainties are not figured into treatment planning, the dose distribution that the patient receives may not be the same as the planned dose distribution. New treatment plans, which include optimized software/programming,...