The generation and recombination of mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are two vital fundamental processes determining semiconductor performance. The minority character lifetime is a measurement of the recombination and generation rates of mobile charge carriers. Time-resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) is a measurement of the minority...

The quality of IMPT treatment plans may be drastically diminished by uncertainties such as proton range and patient setup errors. If these uncertainties are not figured into treatment planning, the dose distribution that the patient receives may not be the same as the planned dose distribution. New treatment plans, which include optimized software/programming,...