Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat, causing nearly 1.5 million deaths annually, making it the 13th leading cause of death. While TB is preventable and treatable, multidrug-resistant TB worsens the global health crisis, making diagnosis and treatment more complex. An even greater challenge is heteroresistance, where...

Traditional bulk diagnostic assays suffer from signal dilution and averaging, making it difficult to detect rare biomarkers and subtle molecular variations critical for early disease diagnosis. Microarrays address this limitation by enabling high-throughput, multiplexed analysis with improved specificity and sensitivity. Their structured array format...

Heart failure is a serious global burden affecting more than 64 million people worldwide. It has high morbidity and mortality and poor quality of life, making it a major public health priority. N-terminal proBNP (NT-pro-BNP) is a well-established clinical biomarker for monitoring and managing heart failure. Regular and frequent monitoring of patients...

Acute pulmonary infections, or pneumonia, are a leading cause of infectious death worldwide with more than 2.3 million deaths each year. Existing strategies for diagnosing pneumonia are based on clinical, radiological and microbial criteria, which is time-consuming, low accuracy, and subject to interobserver variability. Furthermore, obtaining a lower...

Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a ubiquitously expressed galactoside-binding 14-kDa lectin that is differentially expressed by a variety of pathological as well as normal cell types. Extracellular Gal-1 has been shown to exert strong Immunomodulatory activity and has been implicated in numerous cancer and autoimmune diseases. Further, recent research has shown...

Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase1 (QSOX1) is a sulfhydryl oxidase that is overexpressed in several malignancies and as such is a potential biomarker for multiple cancer types as well as acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Since its discovery, QSOX1 has been identified as a key player in the facilitation of tumor cell migration, creating a significant...

DNA mutations are the basis of all heritable biological variation. Some variation gives rise to beneficial traits, many are neutral or nearly neutral, and some result in deleterious phenotypes. While it is commonly believed that DNA mutations affect evolutionary phenotypic trajectories over millions of years, scientific advances have shown that this...

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal neurodegenerative disease defined by the progressive loss of motor neuron function. Despite intense research efforts, clinical outcomes in ALS patients have remained limited. Because there are no diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for ALS, patients are classified based on the site of symptom onset,...

In normal differentiated cells, most of the genome is densely methylated, except CpG islands near promoters of actively transcribed genes. Maintaining this boundary between unmethylated promoter-associated and adjacent methylated regions is crucial as loss of segregation can lead to disease. Unfortunately, it is not clear where these boundaries are,...

The analysis of small-molecule metabolites and drugs in body fluids and tissue extracts plays a vital role in human health, food safety and environmental monitoring. The current gold standard for small molecule detection is mass spectrometry, which is expensive, time consuming, and requires trained personnel. Universal point-of-care (POC) testing would...