Background Cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic technology is considered one of the most successful commercial thin film solar cell technologies, boasting a power conversion efficiency of approximately 23%. Despite this achievement, the current power conversion efficiency for CdTe modules is still far from the theoretical power conversion efficiency...

Background All-inorganic perovskite solar cells (AI-PSCs) have emerged as a promising technology in the field of photovoltaics, offering significant advancements in efficiency and stability. Perovskite materials as solar energy absorbers are traditionally developed with hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites. These types of hybrid materials demonstrate...

Air quality monitoring is critical for environmental health and public safety. Traditional monitoring methods rely on passive and active air sampling techniques, which, while effective, are cumbersome, expensive and limited with respect to real-time data and comprehensive analyses. In high-risk environments, such as hospital or care settings, and food...

Continuous long-term observation of coral reefs is essential for gathering crucial data that helps determine the state of environmental health. Coral reefs support 25% of all marine species which makes it necessary that they be monitored for good health. Traditional methods of coral reef monitoring, such as diver-based surveys and airborne observatories,...

Shake tables provide a critical tool for simulating earthquake events and testing the response of structures to seismic forces. Simulated earthquake conditions can help civil engineers identify potential weaknesses in the design and suggest ways to improve a structure’s resilience. In a controlled laboratory setting, shake tables can also be...