Background Fabrication and analysis for materials often take place in high vacuum (HV) or ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. These environments are necessary for reactive samples or cases where ambient atmosphere can detrimentally affect the deposition/probe beam (e.g., x-ray, electrons, ions). Liquid samples, including biological species immersed...

X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) are a valuable tool for determining the structure of biological macromolecules. Obtaining accurate results necessitates solvation of the sample in a specified chemical solution throughout the injection process. This solvation must not unduly compromise the vacuum environment or cleanliness of the XFEL scattering chamber....