Computer memory devices may employ any of various mechanisms for storing data, e.g., using memory cells each of which may be programmed to be in any of two or more states. Non-volatile memory includes memory cells each of which operates by changing the resistance across an active switching layer, e.g., an insulator, through the formation of conductive...

The market for point of care test strips demands high quality tests and low production costs without sacrificing sensitivity and specificity. Highly-ordered nanomaterials are being investigated as a viable approach for meeting these demands. Highly-ordered nanomaterials are ideal as they are inexpensive to manufacture and have been shown to produce...

Batteries operate by polarizing and transferring ions through liquid or molecular solvents. Recent developments have made use of organic cation salts in plastic crystalline states as solvents, in which lithium salts can be dissolved. These lithium salts are known as electrolytes. Unfortunately, they are associated with low conductivity. Other electrolytes...

The demand for electric automobiles is driving research to find new rechargeable battery options. Current lithium ion batteries are very heavy and require large amounts of space. Additionally, these batteries have the potential to overheat during charging and cause fires. Lithium ion batteries are used because they can be recharged, but the charging...

X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) are a valuable tool for determining the structure of biological macromolecules. Obtaining accurate results necessitates solvation of the sample in a specified chemical solution throughout the injection process. This solvation must not unduly compromise the vacuum environment or cleanliness of the XFEL scattering chamber....

The demand for rechargeable batteries is rapidly rising due to increased sales of consumer electronics, electric and hybrid automobiles, and the need for grid-based energy storage systems. Currently, the most widely used rechargeable batteries are manufactured with lithium-ion and liquid electrolyte materials. Unfortunately, as these batteries are charged...