Background Protein X-ray crystallography has become one of the most successful structural biology techniques since the first three-dimensional structure of myoglobin, a protein, was revealed. Many important scientific discoveries have been made using X-ray crystallography, including understanding insulin’s mechanism of action, mass production...

Unlike traditional semi-supervised learning, positive unlabeled learning requires only some labeled data from the positive class. All other data, both positive and negative, is unlabeled. The goal is the same, i.e., to construct a classification model that correctly labels unlabeled images and create a model to label future images. This problem is...