Background Protein X-ray crystallography has become one of the most successful structural biology techniques since the first three-dimensional structure of myoglobin, a protein, was revealed. Many important scientific discoveries have been made using X-ray crystallography, including understanding insulin’s mechanism of action, mass production...

Single-cell proteomics is an emerging field for proteomic analyses of individual cells. Single-cell genomic analyses have greatly expanded our understanding of cell heterogeneity and disease progression; however, protein identification and quantitative cell-to-cell variation provide a deeper level of understanding of the biological regulators in the...

­Background Microfluidic devices are commonly used in serial crystallography applications. In most serial crystallography experiments, the sample molecules are formed into droplets through electrical stimulation, then injected into a focused beam of electrons or X-rays so their structure can be analyzed. The various components of the experiment...

Background Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are materials that absorb infrared light and emit in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-NIR) range. Thus, there is a large Stokes shift between excitation and emission, with no overlap. UCNPs—which typically include a NaYF4 or NaGdF4 matrix doped with other lanthanides—can be used for...