Background Adaptive materials—materials able to change their properties based on certain stimuli—can provide valuable modes of actuation for many applications. Development of these materials has derived much inspiration from muscle tissue, which is robust and adaptable owing to its inherent hierarchical structure, from molecules to proteins...

Recent studies conclude that a strong correlation exists between the numbers of glomerular in the kidney and renal diseases. These findings generate great interest in accurately counting glomeruli. Traditionally, the glomerulus is counted using histological sections, which have several limitations. First, histology based counting relies on techniques...

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a technique used for soil stabilization. EICP cements soil particles together using urease enzymes to precipitate calcium carbonate in a water-based solution. EICP may be used as a means of improving the bearing capacity of soils, preventing erosion, and mitigating the potential for earthquake‐induced...

The extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a major component of the MAPK signaling pathway, and its activation plays an important role in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Thus, dysfunction in the ERK pathway may contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, diabetes, inflammation, autoimmunity and so on....