Compartmentalization increases the overall activity and specificity of encapsulated enzymes by protecting the enzymes, maintaining a high concentration of enzymes and substrates, and promoting substrate channeling. While there have been artificial enzymatic particles that have been created using compartmentalization by virus-like proteins, liposomes,...

Highly virulent strains of influenza virus are a critical public health concern with 3,000-5,000 people dying each year from influenza infection in the United States alone. Influenza is a continually evolving pathogen that develops resistance easily, including to recently approved antivirals. Rapidly diagnosing and typing influenza is essential in surveillance...

Array technologies allow scientists to perform large-scale, quantitative, biological analyses such as biomarker discovery, immunomonitoring, epitope mapping and so on. In situ synthesized arrays have advantages in feature density, and sensitivity, however, quality and reliability rely on the quality and consistency of the synthesized molecules. A critical...