Background Radio frequency (RF) systems are used in a wide variety of applications including telecommunications, remote sensing, and navigation. Typical RF systems are configured with various architectures on the front-ends and other receivers. Reconfigurable RF systems have been recently studied for their potential to support a variety of applications...

Background Electronic devices that use clocks (e.g., smartphones, cars, GPS) require stability of timing reference signals. For wireless and wireline communications applications, short-term clock stability is an important factor, and long-term stability is less of a concern due to periodic synchronizations between the radio nodes. Short-term clock...

When transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals, there is a need to match the frequencies and the phases of both a received signal and a locally generated signal. In terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR), the alignment of the phases gives the best results for retrieving any data that is modulated on the received signal. Better SNR yields higher...

Background Phased array receivers and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are essential for processing high-frequency signals in critical fields like communications and radar. These systems rely on ADCs to convert analog signals into digital forms, enabling precise data analysis and real-time data processing. However, traditional ADC designs face significant...

5G wireless systems are designed to meet the increasing demand for high data rates but face challenges like signal obstruction, poor penetration, high propagation loss, and inadequate scattering. Active relays have emerged as a solution to these issues by re-routing signals to avoid obstructions, ensuring uninterrupted 5G service. However, in dense...

Background Optical communication provides the fastest way of data transmission. The beam width of optical signals can be very narrow compared to radio frequency (RF) or millimeter-wave signals, which provides increased capacity for sensing and imaging. Optical phased array systems have been developed recently as an alternative to microwave phased systems....

­Background Spectral observation is used to detect the molecular content and isotopic abundance in a compound, and a set of unique spectral lines identify one element from another. One field application is space observation, where observing the spectral lines can give away information about the mass distribution of elements and its relationship...