Compartmentalization increases the overall activity and specificity of encapsulated enzymes by protecting the enzymes, maintaining a high concentration of enzymes and substrates, and promoting substrate channeling. While there have been artificial enzymatic particles that have been created using compartmentalization by virus-like proteins, liposomes,...

The quality of IMPT treatment plans may be drastically diminished by uncertainties such as proton range and patient setup errors. If these uncertainties are not figured into treatment planning, the dose distribution that the patient receives may not be the same as the planned dose distribution. New treatment plans, which include optimized software/programming,...

Multi-layered CdTe solar cell devices have properties that are promising but face low conversion efficiencies and high manufacturing costs. In contrast to typical monocrystalline Si and GaAs materials, CdTe cells are made up of polycrystalline materials and thus, have poor open circuit voltages which are responsible for the low efficiencies. Therefore,...