Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which include acetate (C2), propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) are important, health-benefiting metabolites, produced when microbes in the human colon ferment polysaccharides and dietary fiber. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), such as caproate (C6) and caprylate (C8), have also been shown to provide health benefits and...

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), affect many of the body’s functions such as balance and movement. They can also have a profound effect on communication abilities, with the majority of patients suffering from some form of vocal impairment, usually a difficulty in modulating vocal intensity. These speech difficulties...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of death and long-term physical, cognitive and mental disability worldwide, with roughly 27 million new cases each year. In the U.S. alone, this results in almost 70,000 deaths, annually. Although TBIs can affect people of all ages, the risk of getting a TBI is greatest in adolescents, young adults and...

Excessive synchronization of populations of neurons has been implicated in several neurological conditions. Coordinated reset neuromodulation, is a method which takes advantage of neuroplasticity to counteract excessive synchronization and reset the phase and change connection strengths of neurons. As such, it may be used to treat these neurological...

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal neurodegenerative disease defined by the progressive loss of motor neuron function. Despite intense research efforts, clinical outcomes in ALS patients have remained limited. Because there are no diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for ALS, patients are classified based on the site of symptom onset,...

Single-cell proteomics is an emerging field for proteomic analyses of individual cells. Single-cell genomic analyses have greatly expanded our understanding of cell heterogeneity and disease progression; however, protein identification and quantitative cell-to-cell variation provide a deeper level of understanding of the biological regulators in the...

Misfolding and aggregation of proteins, such as beta-amyloid (Aß), alpha-synuclein (a-syn), tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), have been strongly correlated with early onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and...

The human retinoid X receptors (RXRs) function as transcriptional regulators, often in partnership with members of a larger nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. RXR agonists have been shown to modulate RXR transcription and activate or repress various biological pathways and effect therapeutic results for various conditions.There are a...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent and feared neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging, characterized by progressive neuronal loss and cognitive dysfunction. AD affects nearly 5 million Americans, and unfortunately, there is no cure as of yet. Numerous studies have implicated oligomeric amyloid beta (Aß) aggregates as...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prominent and feared neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. A hallmark of this disease is the formation of extra-cellular amyloid plaques in the brain. The principle component of these extracellular plaques is amyloid-ß protein (Aß). Though the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s...