FFPE is a well-established and widely used method for preservation and histological analysis of tissue samples. DNA/RNA/and Proteins can be extracted from FFPE samples, but generally lack single cell resolution and completely lack 3D spatial resolution. Enabling 3D resolution allows the correlation of morphology to information like gene expression,...

A variety of rigid exoskeletons have been developed for improving mobility over the decades. High forces and torques provided by those rigid exoskeletons assist the ankle, hip and/or knee, facilitating activities such as walking or lifting heavy objects. However, due to the complexity of the human musculoskeletal system, adjusting and aligning human...

­Visually impaired individuals often rely on assistive devices that attempt to encode spatial information into other means such as audio or tactile signals. However, challenges in implementation and interpretation of spatial information still exist. For instance, many existing devices still provide limited information to a user that the user must...

Background Fracture toughness tests measure the ability of a material to resist propagation of a pre-existing flaw. This is an important material property in the manufacturing industry, since the avoidance of all flaws is not possible. Mixed Mode Bending (MMB) is a previously developed fixture that investigates the fracture toughness of layered materials...

­The US is experiencing an epidemic of diabetes, heart disease and mental health problems associated with overweight, especially among children and adolescents. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a widely used tool to assess for risk of overweight or obesity and to serve as a basis for referral and treatment. However, BMI cannot distinguish muscle from fat,...

As we move, our human strength, speed, and endurance is limited by our bodies’ metabolic constraints. One solution to assist human movement is through the development of exoskeletons. Most designs for exoskeletons apply torque to individual joints. These systems are complex, but they can help humans to carry heavy loads, walk further, jump higher,...

The definition of a battering ram includes a heavy metal bar used to break down walls and doors. Battering rams have been used since ancient times to open closed gates in city walls. A hydraulic jackhammer could be considered a modern battering ram and is used to break concrete or rock. The purpose of a battering ram is to use heavy weight to increase...

Pressure/force sensors and transducers have wide utility in mechanical, medical and industrial applications, with each industry striving for increased performance. Three key features determine how successful a pressure sensor may be: sensitivity, durability, and cost. Because of their robust and inexpensive nature, transformative electrochemical pressure/force...

Electrical structures which interact with light, such as solar cells and optical sensors, generally employ electrodes to collect a generated current (or to apply an external field) however, the electrode designs commonly used suffer from a number of disadvantages. For example, the wide spacing of electrodes in conventional solar cells, necessary to...